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Handkea utriformis
''Handkea utriformis'', synonymous with ''Lycoperdon utriforme'', ''Lycoperdon caelatum'' or ''Calvatia utriformis'', is a species of the Lycoperdaceae family of puffballs. A rather large mushroom, it may reach dimensions of up to broad by tall. It is commonly known as the mosaic puffball, a reference to the polygonal-shaped segments the outer surface of the fruiting body develops as it matures. Widespread in northern temperate zones, it is found frequently on pastures and sandy heaths, and is edible when young. ''H. utriformis'' has antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria, and can bioaccumulate the trace metals copper and zinc to relatively high concentrations.
==Taxonomy==
This puffball was originally described in 1790 by French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard as ''Lycoperdon utriforme'', and since then, has been variously placed in the genera ''Bovista'', ''Lycoperdon'', ''Calvatia'', and ''Utraria''. In 1989, German mycologist Hanns Kreisel described the genus ''Handkea'' to include species of ''Calvatia'' that had distinct microscopic features: ''Handkea'' species have a unique type of capillitium (coarse thick-walled hyphae in the gleba), with curvy slits instead of the usual pores. Although accepted by some authors, the genus concept has been rejected by others.〔
In the past, the species (when it was known as ''Calvatia utriformis'') has been separated into three varieties (''C. utriformis'' var. ''utriformis'', ''C. utriformis'' var. ''hungarica'' and ''C. utriformis'' var. ''gruberi'') based on differences in the ornamentation of the exoperidium (outer tissue layer of the wall, or peridium) and spores. However, a 1997 study of these characters revealed that the three varieties are not clearly demarcated. This study and others suggest that variations in the environmental conditions in which the specimens are grown can affect the development of these characteristics.〔Demoulin V. (1971). "Le genre ''Lycoperdon'' en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Etude taxonomique et phytogéographique". PhD. thesis, Université de Liège.〕
Phylogenetic analyses published in 2008 shows that ''Handkea'' may be grouped in a clade along with species from several other genera, including ''Lycoperdon'', ''Vascellum'', ''Morganella'', ''Bovistella'', and ''Calvatia''. Published in the same year, another DNA analysis of the structure of ITS2 rDNA transcript confirmed that ''H. utriformis'' is closely related to ''Lycoperdon echinatum''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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